Smile and Smiling Specific Purpose

Preparation Outline: Informative Speech on Smiling Specific Purpose: to inform my speech class about the many things Your Smile can do. Thesis: After listening to my speech, my audience should be informed about how â€Å"Your Smile† can do many things; have an effect on you and others around you, and how it has an effect on your brain. Introduction I. Smiling is something most people enjoy. I’m a happy and very positive person, so I smile a lot. It turns out that when I smile, the world smiles back. In my research about smiling I referred to sources such as cbsnews. com, science. owstuffworks. com, bizzikid. co. uk II. Smiling can affect the way you feel. It feels good to smile and be smiled at. People like to be surrounded by others who are positive and make them feel good. III. A smile is a great way to start any conversation, and makes others more receptive to you. It adds to what you have to offer. Transition: Let’s start with how a smile can affect you and o thers around you. Body I. A smile can affect you and others around you. A. It lifts our mood as well as the moods of those around us. B. It can make us appear more attractive to others. C.It can be contagious. D. Make you look younger E. Help you build rapport F. Helps reassure the other person of your sincerity. Transition: Now that we have talked about how your smile can affect you and others around you, let’s move on to how your smile affects your brain. II. How Your Smile Affects Your Brain A. Each time you smile at a person, their brain coaxes them to return the favor. B. Facial changes involved in smiling have direct effects on certain brain activities associated with happiness. Smiling triggers your feel good chemicals in your brain.C. Just the simple act of smiling releases endorphins from the brain into the blood. In conclusion, today we have discussed how your smile can affect you and others around you. We also talked about how a smile affects your brain. Conclusion I. Smiling is a way to promote happiness within yourself and others. Smiling is a very important part of connecting and getting to know someone. II. Choosing to smile can make a difference in everything you do that day. A smile can brighten your mood, improve your outlook, and lead you to make positive choices.So when you smile not only will you make yourself feel better, you will also attract positive energy into your life. References Makes you look younger. Freeman, D. W. (2011, November 10). Smiling makes people look younger, study shows. . Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-504763_162-57322365-10391704/smiling-makes-people-look-younger-study-shows/ How your smile affects your brain. science. howstuffworks. com Layton, J. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://science. howstuffworks. com/life/smilinghappy1. htm Feel good chemicals. Bizzikid . (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. bizzikid. co. uk/healthwellbeingsmiling. html

How Fed Uses Open Market Operations Essay

Open market operations, which consist of purchases and sales of government securities, is the Federal Reserve’s conventional device for exercising monetary policy. Based on the Fed, the term monetary policy refers to the actions taken by a central bank to influence the availability and cost of money and credit and to help promote national economic goals (FederalReserve.gov). These securities transactions help dictate the federal funds rate (rate at which banks lend excess reserves to one another). The fed funds rate is significant to our economy because it somewhat controls the overall financial situation, affecting employment, output, and the overall level of prices. FOMC In 1913, the Federal Reserve Act was passed, giving the Fed authority for setting monetary policy. In 1935, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) was created. They are the board in charge of setting monetary policy for the Fed. THE FOMC implements the policies and also discloses them to the public. The board consists of 12 members that serve one-year terms on a â€Å"rotating basis†. They hold 8 scheduled meetings a year, and discuss economic and financial conditions, proper stances of monetary policy, and risk-assessments of things like price stability and sustainable economic growth (FederalReserve.gov). GOALS of MONETARY POLICY The two primary goals of monetary policy are to promote sustainable output and employment to the highest capacity and to promote price stability. Although monetary policy cannot affect these two things in the long run, it certainly can help influence them in the short-term. An example of this is interest rates. The Fed can lower interest rates to help raise demand and thus help to momentarily stimulate the economy. The problem with this, though, can be inflation. In the long run, attempting to fuel an economy beyond its capabilities will not help unemployment rates or output, but rather, just create more inflation, hurting economic growth. OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS: TOOL of MONETARY POLICY Open market operations are very useful in exercising monetary policy due to their relation with the total supply of balances at the Federal Reserve and the federal funds rate (Edwards, pg. 859). At the federal funds market, using the fed funds rate, depository institutions lend Federal Reserves balances to one another. The total amount of Federal Reserve balances that are available to these institutions is assessed via open market operations. These operations are aimed at either achieving a desired quantity of balances, or a desired price. The problem is that it is difficult to attain both, considering they negatively converse one another. According to Cheryl L. Edwards, of the Boards Division of Monetary Affairs: â€Å"The greater the emphasis on a quantity objective,   the more short-run changes in the demand for balances will influence the federal funds rate; conversely, the greater the emphasis on a funds-rate objective, the more shifts in demand will influence the quantity of Federal Reserve balances.† Throughout the years, the Fed has used both methods for open market operations. ADVANTAGES There are numerous reasons as to why the Fed uses open market operations to control monetary policy. First, the Fed has complete control over the type of open market operation and its size. Second, open market operations can be implemented quite hastily and without delays. They are also flexible, so the Fed can quickly reverse any mistakes. Lastly, the funds rate lets the FED adjust reserve balances when things past the Fed’s control cause reserves to rise and fall (Akhtar,1997). DISADVANTAGES With everything, there are advantages and disadvantages. The disadvantages of open market operations relate to specific, isolated situations. For example, if the money market is not developed, the central bank can’t exert full control over the bank reserves(blurit.com). Also, if commercial banks have excess reserves but still use an easy lending policy, the sale of government securities will not have the intended effect of lowering cash reserves of the commercial banks. And if there is a return of notes from circulation, the securities sale might not be able to â€Å"reduce the cash reserves of member banks†. HOW FED USES OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS The Federal Reserve operates open market operations with primary dealers (government securities dealers that have a strong trading relationship with the Fed (newyorkfed.org). These dealers hold accounts at depository institutions, so when the Fed does funds transactions with the dealer at it’s bank, the transaction either adds to or takes away from the reserves in the banking system. Because of this, open market operations indirectly influence the fed funds rate. Changes to the fed funds rate ultimately have a powerful effect on other short-term rates. CONCLUSION In conclusion, open market operations have always been the most prominent of the three tools used in affecting monetary policy. In today’s technological and highly competitive financial environment, monetary policy can sometimes be difficult, but the Fed still accepts open market operations as the most essential way to control our policies. As Michael Akbar Akhtar, vice president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, explains: â€Å"Among the policy instruments used by the Federal Reserve, none is more important for adjusting bank reserves than open market operations, which add or drain reserves through purchases or sales of securities in the open market. Indeed, open market operations are, by far, the most powerful and flexible tool of monetary policy† BIBLIOGRAPHY – http://research.stlouisfed.org/aggreg/meeks.pdf. Understanding Open Market Operations, M.A. Akhtar. Federal Reserve Bank of NY, 1997. – http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/default.htm -http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed32.html -http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/1997/199711lead.PDF. Open Market Operations in the 1990’s, Cheryl L. Edwards. -http://www.blurtit.com/q696680.html

Public company of electronic media

CompanyCompany may be defined as a voluntary association of individuals. It is an association of persons formed for some common intent but chiefly it is a voluntary association of individual. It has capital divisible into parts, known as portions. At the same clip it is an unreal individual created by a procedure of jurisprudence. It has a ageless sequence and a common seal. It exists merely in contemplation of jurisprudence ; i.e.it is regarded by the jurisprudence as a individual, merely as a homo. On incorporation of a company becomes a organic structure corporate or corporation with a ageless sequence and a common seal. It besides acquires a personality distinct from its members.Features Of A Company1. Separate legal entity 2. Limited liability 3. Ageless sequence 4. Common seal 5. Transferability of portions 6. Separate belongings 7. Capacity to actionElectronic MediaIt is media that uses electronics or electromechanical energy for the terminal user ( audience ) to entree the content. This is in contrast to inactive media ( chiefly print media ) , which are most frequently created electronically, but do n't necessitate electronics to be accessed by the terminal user in the printed signifier. Most new media are in the signifier of digital media. However, electronic media may be in either parallel or digital format. Although the term is normally associated with content recorded on a storage medium, recordings are non required for unrecorded broadcast medium and on-line networking. Any equipment used in the electronic communicating procedure ( e.g. telecasting, wireless, telephone, desktop computing machine, game console, hand-held device ) may besides be considered electronic media.Incorporation Of CompanyBefore a company is formed, certain preliminary determinations are necessary, for illustration, whether it should be a private company or a public company, what its capital should be, and whether it is worthwhile organizing a new company or pickings over the concern of an already established concern. All these determinations are taken by certain individuals known as â€Å"promoters† . They do the full necessary preliminary work minor expense to the formation of the company.Public Ltd CompanyA Public Limited Company is a Company limited by portions in which there is no limitation on the maximal figure of stockholders, transportation of portions and credence of public sedimentations. The liability of each stockholder is limited to the extent of the unpaid sum of the portions face value and the premium thereon in regard of the portions held by him. However, the liability of a Director / Manager of such a Company can at times be unlimited. The minimal figure of stockholders is 7. It has a minimal paid-up capital of Rs 5 hundred thousand or such higher paid up capital, as may be prescribed. Every public company, bing on the beginning of the Companies ( Amendment ) Act, 2000, with a paid-up capital of less than Rs. 5, 00,000 shall, within a period of two old ages from such beginning, heighten its paid-up capital to Rs.5,00,000.Get downing A New Public Ltd CompanyBefore stepping in the concern universe & A ; get downing up a new concern i.e. a new public Ltd company, we must believe a name of the company which co-relate the work of the company and be easy grasped in the head of the people. As we are get downing a new public Ltd Company of electronic media i.e. Television & A ; computing machine fabrication company and the name of the company to be registered will be Protechno media ltd company.Name-Approval For The Proposed CompanyThe process for obtaining the name blessing for the proposed company is that an application in Form No. 1A demands to be filed with the Registrar of Companies ( ROC ) of the province in which the Registered Office of the proposed Company is to be situated. The application is required to be signed by one of the boosters. The inside informations of the application are as follows: 1. Four alternate names for the proposed company. ( The name can be coined names from the objects of the proposed company or the names of the managers, etc. but should decidedly be declarative of the chief object of the company. Justification for the name needs to be specified along with the application ) . 2. Name callings and references of the boosters ( Minimal 7 for a public company while 2 for private company ) . 3. Authorized Capital of the proposed company. 4. Main objects of the proposed company.Documents Required To Be Executed For IncorporationFollowing are the paperss require for acquiring the certification of incorporation or registering the company with registrar†¦ †¦ †¦ .. MOA and AOA are required which is to be executed by the boosters in the presence of a informant in saying their full name, male parent ‘s name, residential reference, business, figure of portions subscribed for, etc. 1. Form No. 1 – This is to be to be executed on a non-judicial stamp paper of INR 20 by managers of the proposed company or by other individuals such as Advocates saying that all the demands of the incorporation have been complied with. 2. Form No. 18 – This signifier contains information about the registered office of the proposed company. 3. Form No. 29 – This is a consent obtained from all the proposed managers of the proposed company to move as managers of the proposed company. ( Not required in instance of private company ) . 4. Form No. 32 – This signifier shows the fact of assignment of the proposed managers as the board of managers. 5. Name blessing missive in original. 6. Power of Attorney signed by all the endorsers of MOA authorising one of the endorsers or any other individual to move on their behalf for the intent of incorporation and accepting the certification of incorporation. 7. Power of Attorney in instance of a endorser who has appointed another individual to subscribe the MOA on his behalf. Filing fees as may be applicable.This Form Is Filled For Checking The Availability Of NameFORM 1A Application signifier for handiness or alteration of name [ Pursuant to segment 20 and 21of the Companies Act, 1956 ] Note – All Fieldss marked in*are to be compulsorily filled. 1. *Application for integrating a new company altering the name of an bing company Part A: Handiness of name 2 ( a ) . *Name of applicant Prankur Rastogi ( B ) *Occupation Businessman ( degree Celsius ) . *Address Line I Phagwara, Jalandhar Line II Punjab ( vitamin D ) . *City Jalandhar ( vitamin E ) . *State Punjab ( degree Fahrenheit ) . *Country India ( g ) . *Pin codification 144402 ( H ) . *e-mail prankurrastogi @ gmail.com ( I ) . Phone 9569231524 ( J ) . Fax 09534267447782 3. Name callings of boosters * ( I ) Name of promoter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Prankur Rastogi * ( two ) Name of promoter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pawan Rastogi * ( three ) Name of promoter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Rajesh Dubey 4. *Name of the province in which the proposed company is to be registered Punjab 5. *Name of the Registrar of Companies in which the proposed company is to be registered†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Mr Y B Singh 6. *State whether the proposed company is public or private Public 7. * proposed name of company ( at least 6 proposed names ) a. Fanko electro ltd B. Rigs electro-media ltd c. Protechno Media Ltd Company d. Agnis electro ltd e. Jippo electro ltd f. Retro electro media After make fulling the application for handiness of name ROC will assign the name within three hebdomads of application submission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The ROC will look into for the handiness of name and inform the individual who has filled the application†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Name Protechno Media Ltd Company is available and is allotted. This is to be to be executed on a non-judicial stamp paper of INR 20 by managers of the proposed company or by other individuals such as Advocates saying that all the demands of the incorporation have been complied with. FORM NO. 1 Registration No Of Company -1090 Nominal Capital- : Rs. 2,00,00,000.00 THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Declaration of conformity with the demands of the Companies Act, 1956 on application for enrollment of a company [ Pursuant to subdivision 33 ( 2 ) ] Name of Company Protechno Media Limited/Private Limited Presented by Protechnicals group I Prankur Rastogi of Protechnicals Group do solemnly and unfeignedly declare that I am [ 1 ] Promoter who is engaged in the formation of the company, or a individual named in the articles as a director/manager/secretary of the†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Protechno Media Limited/Private Limited. And that all the demands of the Companies Act, 1956, and the regulations at that place under in regard of affairs precedent to the enrollment of the said company and incidental thereto have been complied with. And do this solemn declaration scrupulously believing the same to be true. This signifier contains information about the registered office of the proposed company. FORM NO. 18 Registration No. of the Company1090 Nominal Capital: Rs2,50,00,000 THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Notice of the situation/change of state of affairs of registered office [ Pursuant to segment 146 ] Name of the company – Protechno Media Ltd Company Notice is herewith given that — — 1. ( a ) the registered office of the company is situated in Jalandhar ( Punjab ) .with consequence from [ day of the month ] 20.11.09 ( B ) The state of affairs of the registered office of the company of was changed from to with consequence from [ day of the month ] 2. Situation of registered office falls under the legal power of Jalandhar ( name of the constabulary station ) . * Dated this thirtieth Day of Nov 2009 Signature Prankur Rastogi Name PRANKUR RASTOGI ( In Block Capitals ) Appellation Chairman *State reference of close constabulary station with territory and tehsil. This is a consent obtained from all the proposed managers of the proposed company to move as managers of the proposed company. FORM NO 29 Registration No. of Company..1090†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Nominal Capital Rs.2,50,00,000†¦ †¦ †¦ THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Consent to move as manager of a company and/or set abouting to take and pay for making portions [ Pursuant to subdivision 264 ( 2 ) /266 ( I ) ( a ) and 266 ( 1 ) ( B ) ( three ) ] Name of company Protechno Media Limited Presented by†¦ . Protechnicals Group†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . To the Registrar of Companies†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Jalandhar†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . I, the undersigned, herewith attest my consent to move as manager of the†¦ Protechno Media Limited†¦ Pursuant to subdivision 264 ( 2 ) /266 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Companies Act, 1956 and attest that I have non been disqualified to move as a manager under subdivisions 267 and/or 274 of the Companies Act, 1956. I, the undersigned holding consented to move as manager of the.Protechno Media Limited, besides herewith undertake to take from the said company and wage for..5000†¦ .. portions of Rs.20†¦ †¦ Each, being the number/value of the portions prescribed as the making portions for the office of manager of the said company. Name and family name in full and male parent ‘s names Address Occupation Date of birth Nationality Signature 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prankur Rastogi s/o Pawan Rastogi businessman 04-04-88 Indian Prankur Rastogi Signature Dated the†¦ †¦ †¦ .20th of†¦ .Nov†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2009†¦ Prankur Rastogi†¦ Designation Chairman This signifier shows the fact of assignment of the proposed managers as the board of managers FORM NO. 32 Registration No. of Company.1090†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Nominal Capital Rs.25000000†¦ †¦ †¦ .. THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Particulars of assignment of managers and director and alterations among them [ Pursuant to subdivision 303 ( 2 ) ] Name of Company†¦ †¦ . Protechno Media Ltd Company Presented by†¦ †¦ . Prankur Rastogi Note: — – If a company has no specifics to be included in one or two of the headers ‘A ‘ ‘B ‘ and ‘C ‘ the parts incorporating those headers ( in regard of which the company has no specifics to be included ) need non be filed. A. Appointment of and alterations among managers. Name or names and family name in full Father's/ hubby ‘s name Usual residential reference Nationality Date of appointme National Trust or alteration Brief specifics of alterations 1 2 3 4 5 6 Notes: ( 1 ) A note of alterations should be made in column 6 e.g. by infixing against the name of new manager, etc. the words â€Å"in topographic point of†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ and by bespeaking against the name of the former manager, the cause for the alteration, e.g. by decease, surrender, retirement by rotary motion, disqualification etc. ( 2 ) In instance of pull offing manager, his appellation should be stated with his name in columan1. B. [ *** ] C. Appointment of and alterations in director ship and secretary ship. Name or names and family name in full Father's/ hubby ‘s name Usual residential reference Nationality Date of appointme National Trust or alteration Brief specifics of alterations 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dated the†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ twenty-four hours of†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..19 Signature†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Appellation†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Notes: ( 1 ) For the intents of this signifier, specifics of a individual appointed as director within the significance of subdivision 2 ( 24 ) of the Companies Act, 1956 demand be given. ( 2 ) A note of alteration as besides the cause of alteration e.g. , by decease, surrender, remotion, disqualification, etc. should be stated in column 6. Memorandum of Association ( MOA ) and the Articles ofAssociation ( AOA ) Of A CompanyNow on reception of the name blessing missive from the ROC the MOA and the AOA are required to be drafted. The MOA states the chief, accessory / subordinate and other objects of the proposed company. The AOA contains the regulations and processs for the everyday behavior of the proposed company. It besides provinces the authorised portion capital of the proposed company and the names of its first / lasting managers. After that the MOA and AOA are required to be stamped and a cast responsibility based on the authorized portion capital is to be paid.Contentss Of MemorandumThe name of the company. The province in which the registered office of the company is to be situated. Limited liability. Share capital. Object of the company A public company has the option of ask foring the populace for subscription to its portion capital. Consequently, the company has to publish a prospectus, which provides information about the company to possible investors. The Companies Act specifies the information to be contained in the prospectus. Articles of association- The articles of association or merely articles are the regulations, ordinances for the internal direction of the personal businesss of the company. They are framed with the object of transporting out the purposes and object as out in the memoranda of association. The articles are following in importance to the memoranda of association which contains the cardinal conditions upon which entirely a company is allowed to be incorporated. They are as such subsidiary to, and controlled by the memoranda. Contentss of articles- It contains commissariats associating to the undermentioned affairs. Share capital. Lien on portions. Calls on portions. Transportations of portions. Transmissions of portions. Conversions of portions in to stock. Shares warrants. Change of capital. General meetings. Directors and secretary. Dividends and militias. Capitalization of net incomes. The Articles of Association contain the regulations and ordinances of the company for the direction of its internal personal businesss. While the Memorandum specifies the aims and intents for which the Company has been formed, the Articles lay down the regulations and ordinances for accomplishing those aims and intents.The Certificate Of IncorporationAfter the paperss in FAQ 5 are filed, the ROC calls the lawyer on a specific day of the month for examination and doing the corrections in the MOA and AOA filed. On following with the same, the certification of incorporation is granted to the lawyer. When the requite papers are filed with the registrar, the registrar satisfy himself that the statutory demands sing enrollment have been punctually complied. After this a certification of incorporation given by the registrar in regard of a company is conclusive grounds that all the demands of the companies act have been compiled with in regard of enrollment. After the duly stamped Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, paperss and signifiers are filed and the filing fees are paid, the ROC scrutinizes the paperss and, if necessary, instructs the authorised individual to do necessary corrections. Thereafter, a Certificate of Incorporation is issued by the ROC, from which day of the month the company comes in to existence. It takes one to two hebdomads from the day of the month of registering Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association to have a Certificate of Incorporation. Although a private company can get down concern instantly after having the certification of incorporation, a public company can non make so until it obtains a Certificate of Commencement of Business from the ROC.Document To Be Filled With The Registrar:The documents/forms stated below are filed along with Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association on payment of filing fees ( depending on the authorised capital of the company ) : Declaration of conformity, punctually stamped Notice of the state of affairs of the registered office of the company Particulars of Directors, Manager or Secretary Authority executed on a non-judicial cast paper, in favor of one of the endorsers to the Memorandum of Association or any other individual authorising him to register the paperss and documents for enrollment and to do necessary corrections, if any The ROC ‘s missive ( in master ) bespeaking the handiness of the name. Before the advertisement company is registered, it is indispensable to determine from the registrar of companies and if the proposed name of the company is approved so the undermentioned paperss punctually stamped together with the necessary fees are to be filed with the registrar. The memoranda of association. The article of association. The understanding. Declaration. When a company is registered and a certification of incorporation is issued by the registrar the company becomes a distinguishable legal entity, its life commences from the day of the month mentioned in the certification of incorporation. And the company requires a ageless sequence. The member may come and travel, but it goes on forever, unless it is wound up. A public limited electronic media company has to be obtained certification to commence concern before it can get down concern.Tax Registration-Businesss apt for income revenue enhancement must obtain a revenue enhancement designation card and figure [ known as Permanent Account Number ( PAN ) ] from the Revenue Department. In add-on to this, concerns apt to keep back revenue enhancement must needfully obtain a Tax Deduction Account Number ( TAN ) . Both the PAN and the TAN must be indicated on all the returns, paperss and correspondence filed with the Revenue Department. The PAN is besides required to be stated in assorted other paperss such as the paperss refering to sale or purchase of any immoveable belongings ( transcending Rs. five hundred thousand ) , sale or purchase of a motor vehicle, clip sedimentation ( transcending Rs. 5 hundred thousand ) , contract for sale or purchase of securities ( transcending Rs. 10 hundred thousand ) , to call a few Filing Registering/Approving Authority One transcript has to be submitted along with a forwarding missive addressed to the concerned Registrar of Companies.Enclosures-The declaration must be submitted with the undermentioned annexure. Document attesting payment of fee. Memorandum and Articles of Association. Transcript of understanding if any, which the proposed company wishes to come in into with any person for assignment as its managing or whole-time manager or director Power of Attorney from endorsers. Letter from Registrar of Companies doing names available. No expostulation letters from directors/promoters. Needed fees must be either in hard currency or demandCompany Get downing Business OperationssAfter having the certification of incorporation, the public company has to finish certain other legal formalities such as a statutory meeting ( within 6 months ) , statutory study, etc. On completion of the said formalities and on filing of the statutory study with the ROC the ROC issues the enfranchisement of beginning of concern to the company. Thereafter, the Public Company can get down the concern operations. The Private Company can get down its concern instantly on incorporation. Certificate of incorporation Form 1 No 55-009877 of 2009-10 I hear by certify that †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Protechno Media Limited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is this twenty-four hours incorporated under The companies act 1956 ( NO 1 of 1956 ) and that the company is limited Given under my manus at†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Jalandhar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this twenty-four hours †¦ †¦ †¦ .day of 20†¦ . 09 SD/- Mr.Y.B.Singh Registrar of Companies Jalandhar, Punjab This was the certification issued by the registrar of companies for the incorporation of company Certificate of beginning of concern [ Pursuant to subdivision 149 ( 3 ) of companies act 1956 ] I hear by certify that the †¦ †¦ . Protechno Media ltd†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . which was incorporated under The companies act of 1956†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.on the thirtieth twenty-four hours of November 2009 And which has punctually verified declaration in the prescribed signifier that the conditions have been compiled with is compiled to get down the concern Given under my manus at†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Jalandhar†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7th†¦ .day of November 2009. SD/- Mr Sohan Singh Asst Registrar of Companies Jalandhar, PunjabContractsMy company i.e. Protechno media ltd, a fabrication company has contracted with two companies in which 1 is an advertisement company for the advertizement of the merchandises and secondly with a computing machine fabrication limited company. The first contract is with High Ad ltd Company owned by Sarpreet Kaur as one of the Board of Member. We have contracted for Rs 5, 00,000 for the advertizement of our company and our merchandises like TVs, LCDs and Computer french friess etc. The other contract is with Infojets ltd of Heramb Agrawal for Rs 10, 00, 000 as their company needs LCDs for their company from our company. All the indispensable elements for a contract and the footings & A ; conditions are fulfilled and are lawfully enforced by jurisprudence.Weaving Up Of The CompanyIf the members of the company are reduced below the minimal no. of members in the company, it is traveling to be wound up by the tribunal. It is a compulsory weaving up of a company. For this the Registrar presents a request for weaving up of the company. Now after that the tribunal will take any action against the company on hearing request as it canDismiss it, with or without cost.Adjourn the hearing conditionally or unconditionallyMake an interim order that it thinks tantrumMake an order for weaving up the companyConsequences of weaving up by the tribunalO Intimation to official Liquidator and RegistrarO Copy of weaving up order to be filed with the registrarO Suits stayedO Court addition legal power to entertain1. Any suit against the company 2. Any claim made by or against the company 3. Any application made under sec.391 for via media with creditors and/or members 4. Any inquiry of precedences which may originate in class of the weaving up of the companyMentionsMercantile Law -by N D Kapoor hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sethassociates.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/patents-articles/company-incorporation-the- procedure-for-incorporating-a-company-in-india-1390673.html

EDLE 640 - Assignment 1 Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EDLE 640 - Assignment 1 - Speech or Presentation Example Therefore, much as we would commit ourselves to achieving our goals or the goals of the organizations we work with, it must all start with loving the other people. Therefore, the first secret to successful leadership, according to Fullan is, Love Your Employees (Fullan, 2008). While being hindered by others in the course of a goal attainment mission, realizing full potential becomes practically impossible. Therefore, the necessity to Connect Peers with a Purpose; which is the second secret to good leadership as discussed by Fullan, becomes necessary. Connecting the peers with ones purpose and objective; personal, professional or organizational, enhances and facilities the goal attainment (Fullan, 2008). Thus connectivity with the people should be much more than just collaborating with them. It requires more of firm interconnection of the peers, and upholding capacity building as the priority for the organization. Facilitating the free social interactions within the peers and creating a favorable environment for them to engage in creativity and innovation, without the fear of being reprimanded for failure, allows individuals to move out of their comfort zones and engage in more risky affairs, which eventually develops full human capacity (Fullan, 2008). While we work towards realizing our goals with the interest of the other people at the fore front, the goal attainment mission becomes justifiable as a personal initiative, and also as a societal collaboration towards a better life for ourselves and for the rest. Social collaboration is enhanced through applying the third secret as discussed by Fullan, which is to ensure Capacity Building Prevails. I have lived in three different countries in the course of my education and professional development; born in Australia, studying in the USA and gaining working experience in London. But in all these movements, I have found that valuing other people is what counts much towards any progress and development, personal, pr ofessional or organizational, since it is only through the support of others, that an individual can realize their full potential, and thus help their organizations to achieve the optimum (Fullan, 2008). Offering leadership and ability demonstration opportunities is fundamental to the development of individuals. Thus, having the mentality that Learning is the Work; forms the fourth secret towards successful leadership. This point to the fact that; learning is the main job within any job, since knowledge and experience improvement forms the basis of career and professional development, as well as personal growth (Fullan, 2008). While individuals are exercising their duties and mandates in the work place, they should not cease to learn, because working with others and through others helps to develop the full potential, and reawakens the talents hidden within an individual’s ability. My first promotion to a high leadership position was when I was 28 years, while teaching at St M ary’s Parish School in Warren, where I was promoted to the rank of Assistant Principal. This enabled me to exercise my teaching roles, while at the same time learning how to lead an institution, an experience that put my everyday as a purely learning day. Within the one year period that I spent as the Assistant Principa

The Diamond Necklace - Mathilde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Diamond Necklace - Mathilde - Essay Example Mathilde is truly happy only once in her entire life: at the ball. But, it becomes clear as the story progresses, that her happiness had a price all too high. On the night of the party her new dress and borrowed jewels give her the appearance of belonging to the wealthy world she aspires to. Because she believes herself rich for one night, she becomes rich in others’ eyes as well.  Fully at ease among the wealthy people at the party, Mathilde feels that this is exactly where she was meant to be—if it hadn’t been for the mistake of destiny. Her moment of happiness, of course, is fleeting, and she must spend the next ten years paying for the pleasure of this night. The saddest thing is that, despite all the hardship she is forced to endure during the next ten years, the memory of the night still lingers in her mind as the one perfect moment in her gray life. The necklace, beautiful but worthless, represents the power of perception and the split between appearance s and reality.

Peter browning and continental white cap case study Research Proposal

Peter browning and continental white cap case study - Research Proposal Example Continental Whitecap is in the verge of making a life changing decision that would determine the possibility of its survival in the market and sustain its operation costs without serious financial constraints. This can only be achieved by the new management head if wide consultative based researched is carried out and all facts are laid bare on the table for discussion (Paton & Mccalman, 2007, 76-80). However, it is important to underscore the sensitivity of cost and revenue factors in discussing the success of a firm. This will be judged by critical consideration of various change management models and approaches to change. For the new management to achieve desirable goals for this multinational, strategic planning must be backed up with a critically assessed implementation procedure under strict observance of the principles of competitive tools. In the case of Continental Can’s division, the factor input combination need to be readjusted to capture the changes in the type of the containers that need to be manufactured. The management team needs to put up a strategic plan with a tight link to identification and management of a competitive and success oriented design to the organization. The idea is that most of these processes need to be internally centered and assist this division of Continental Whitecap acquiring commitment to effective change and improve on productivity with the least degree of difficulty. There are various models and frameworks that can be used to establish the most appropriate performance strategy for this company amidst the tight competition in the industry (Abrahamson, 2004, 42-55). The preferable model is Kurt Lewin’s classical model which is basically reliant on three concepts. Communication is one of the most important factors that the management needs to use for co-ordination of various activities and sense any impending risk. Internal

Health Care Administration Autobiographical Statement Essay

Health Care Administration Autobiographical Statement - Essay Example In my view, a health administrator must be eager to learn and strive to improve themselves at all times, have good listening skills, and be understanding with no prejudice. I believe that I do possess the above qualities and will endeavor to understand more of diseases, as well as of the organization, financing and delivery of healthcare. It is these and other reasons that I chose to apply for a Masters degree in Health Care Administration. Since I do not wish to work in the traditional business environment, my interests are inclined towards planning, financing, directing, coordinating, managing and evaluating healthcare services. I look forward to work in such agencies as hospitals, ambulatory care facilities, long-term health maintenance facilities, wellness centers, health and mental health agencies among other healthcare facilities. I do enjoy working with people thus the choice of my career path. It is for this reason that I would not mind to be either a generalist or specialist type of health care administrator. Studential.com (1) defines a generalist as one who manages the entire health care facility while a specialist ensures that operations of a specific department are efficiently carried out. Healthcare is a profession for life. Upon studying heath sciences, I believe that it can easily influence the way an individual perceives the world around him or her. This includes how the individual thinks and acts under normal day

The Satisfaction of General Practitioners with the New NHS Arrangement Dissertation

The Satisfaction of General Practitioners with the New NHS Arrangement - Dissertation Example Initially, Health Authorities were charged with the responsibility of planning, managing funds, and providing healthcare services at the community and hospital levels (Wilkin 2002, p. 539). This arrangement was later changed to the extent that the service provider and the purchaser functions were separated leading to the establishment of an â€Å"internal† market. Under this arrangement, the Health Authorities became the service purchasers even as the NHS Trusts became the service providers (Wilkin 2002, p. 539). One of the major reforms that rocked the NHS related to the establishment of the general practitioner (GP) fundholding scheme. Under the fundholding scheme as established in the 90s, the general practitioners were responsible for the management of their own budgets as well as the procurement of some health services. The fund holders enjoyed more freedom in managing resources and making innovations than the Health Authorities even though the latter retained control of close to 80% of the hospital and community services for patients who subscribed to fundholding practices, and 100% of the budget for non-fundholding practices (Wilkin 2002, p. 539). They were also responsible for overseeing elective procedures in hospitals on behalf of patients.

Singapores Energy Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Singapores Energy Diplomacy - Essay Example Being an economy with almost no natural resources, the country Singapore is more exposed to the threat of rising energy cost . This threat actually affects the national economy in a huge way. For that reason it is very crucial for the country to take necessary steps so that the energy efficiency is increased. In the month of October, 2002, at the Energy Forum, the Deputy Minister of Trade, Industry and Foreign Affairs of Singapore, Mr. Raymond Lim mentioned that the country would be projecting a three-phase response to combat the energy challenges . The first step, which was proposed by the deputy minister, stated that the industry base of the country should be strengthened by the up gradation and improvement of the oil-refining sector of the country . The first statement also focused on the development of the supporting functions for these oil refineries. The supporting components include promotion of e-business, proper supply-chain and logistic management, a development in the fiel d of information science and promotion of international oil trading. In his second recommendation the deputy minister stressed on the fact that for a country like Singapore, fighting against the energy crisis is important to develop a hub for alternative energy sources . The high-end alternative energy plans, which Mr. Lim proposed, were fuel cell technology and hydrogen economy. These technologies include test-bedding, manufacturing of the system for producing fuel cells and eventually marketing these products.The third and the final proposition focused on the liberalization and the improvement of energy efficiency of the country and also optimizing the usage of the un-renewable energy sources.

Food and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food and culture - Essay Example When people eat, they spend time together and tell stories about life and they plan together for the future. It is a big part of people’s lives. It gives families time to share together and build relationships between family members. Eating food allows passing on customs and traditions that are being forgotten. Food also affects culture in other ways. Human societies are groups of people who interact with each other. But some of the things that make people act the way they do are the food cultures that people grow and share all over the world. Most of the plants and animals people eat grow in a farm. Although many of the food people eat have been there for thousands of years, the ways of growing and raising the food have changed. As ways to farm changed, so did the way land was developed. Understanding food and the environment, people see how the connections of plants and animals had an influence on nature. People then search for ways that agricultural methods can be similar to natural ways. More than 10,000 years ago, humans began the change from hunting and gathering to designing and managing the landscape to serve their needs. People began to control characteristics and develop technology to grow crops and raise animals to fit their tastes. In Guanxi Province in China, for instance, farmers built slopes into step-like terraces (Alba 15). By changing the environment of their surroundings, people can grow food in places that otherwise would not support crops. Preserving food makes it less perishable and easier to transport. Similarly, the obento, a Japanese child’s school lunch, gives cultural messages to a person who is not Japanese. The specific foods and how they are prepared symbolize a connection between home and school. The obento thus plays an important part in identifying a culture (Anderson 103). Early food agriculture helped society grow into cities and states. Anywhere one looks in the world, food affects culture. So

NAFEMS UK conference 2014 that was hold in Oxford, UK 10-11 June 2014 Term Paper

NAFEMS UK conference 2014 that was hold in Oxford, UK 10-11 June 2014 - Term Paper Example Computer-aided engineering is the use of software and tools to enhance the user’s productivity. Computer-aided engineering tools such as the MuSES IR Signature Prediction by ThermoAnalytics and the Solidworks tools by Bassauult Systems as illustrated on the UK conference. The future of computer-aided engineering aims at developing programs that can share data with each other and eradicating manual involvements, cross-checking, and the checking of errors. Manual attributes are regarded as a low-value utilization of an engineer’s time where organizations cannot maximize their resources using the manual approach. The future of computer-aided engineering seeks to automate most non-value tasks to enable engineers complete challenging tasks in the least time possible (Hsieh & Tsai, n.d). According to the presentations by Altair, TranscenData, and Enginesoft among others, the new development of the computer-aided programming seeks to converge most approaches as the computer-aided design by adding a central database to increase automation levels. The presented software and tools such as the ESTECO Enterprise Suite indicate that engineers will be able to load numerous data entries into the database that can hold all recurrent data and insert it where necessary in a keystroke. Engineers are choosing the use of the computer-aided engineering will convert project documentation into various regional standards and languages to facilitate cross-border collaborations. The computer-aided engineering initially included simulation and optimization and was once regarded as a specialty task that required advanced development and research. Today simulation through the finite element analysis has drastically evolved into a relevant part of an engineer’s design. The impact of simulation can be observed in everything from packaging of

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Gender |Not good enough (women) |Too controlling (Men) |Lazy workers (Women) | |Age |Lacks concentration and focus |Lacks professionalism (younger) |Want more money for less work just| | |(younger) | |because of their age. (older) | |Race | Criminals |Lacks education |Doesn’t work hard but gets more | | | | |money. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? There are a few positive aspects of stereotypes. Positive ones are not the ones that come to our head first. Positive aspects of stereotypes include thoughts of a boss when interviewing a potential candidate for a position. For example, an article by Shelly Barclay on life123. com gives ways that positive aspects are used even though we don’t quite see when we use them. She stated that â€Å"Asians are good at math† In my high school days I learned that this was true. I had Asian friends that would help me with my math all the time. This can definitely benefit an Asian for a great job opportunity. (Barclay, 2013) What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes could affect you because you could be wrong in certain situations. Majority of the time we are. One stereotype for African Americans is that they are all trouble and the black men are mostly criminals. This isn’t true, but it is a popular stereotype for African Americans. We as humans tend to let the words that have been â€Å"put into our heads† slowly become facts. Negative stereotypes can cause you to miss out on making a good friend or even a good business decision. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. According to the online dictionary, (thefreedictionary.com) prejudice means an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts. An example of the famous quote â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover. † Being prejudice is having a negative attitude towards an entire group of people according to the text in chapter 2 of the EBook. (Company, 2000) Stereotyping is basically just your personal opinion on someone or something based off just want you believe. This can be towards race, gender, age, ethnicity, and religion. For example, people say â€Å"blondes are stupid† this isn’t true. It’s just another way of people separating types of women. Another example for stereotypes is when people say â€Å"Americans are friendly† this is a nice stereotype, and then again it’s not a true for all. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The similarities between stereotyping and prejudice is that they are both personal opinions of what you may think of someone by race, religion, age, gender, ethnicity, and even a disability. They are not known facts or proven statements. They are both things that you do or say to judge a person or put them into â€Å"groups† in your mind. Being prejudice is just a lot worse than developing a stereotype towards people. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? I’m not sure if much can be done at all, but just starting to talk differently and keeping personal opinions to ourselves. We need to start by teaching our children the positive ways of life and not to judge people. We should tell teach them to love everyone and pray for our future. Basically, just become a positive example for the younger generation so that they will pick up what’s positive and let go of the entire negative ways slowly, but surely.

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution

Packet Classification: Problem and Resolution INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the introduction to packet classification. Problems for packet classification, objectives to overcome the problem involved in packet classification, motivation to do the project on packet classification and also the organization of the project. The development of the internet grows for every year, because of the easy access of the internet. The gain of the internet can be obtained through the smartphones, netbooks, notebooks. For processing the packets, network processor is used, and it will carry out the tasks as to convert the packets into fragments, reassembling these fragments, forwarding, encryption and packet classification. Due to increased line rates, pressure is increased on line rates and it in turn pressure on network processor. The pressure can be relieved in two ways: By inserting more processing cores and it increases power consumption. Increasing the clock speed, but it creates difficulty due to the physical limitation in the silicon. So that it can be relieved in two different ways: Insert the clock gating, which reduces the power consumption. Insert the buffer, to form the pipelining and it also increases the speed. 1.1  PROBLEM DEFINITION Network processors are getting more strain, due to more use of internet and the strain needs to be reduce. To give the security for the network packets. To minimize the power required for packet classification. To achieve high speed and also high throughput for packet classification. 1.2  OBJECTIVES Understood the concept of hypercut algorithm for packet classification and also analyzed the flow chart for packet classification. Understood the verilog code and Xilinx tool. Wrote the verilog code for hypercut algorithm. The simulation results for hypercut algorithm is verified in Xilinx tool. Clock gating circuit is inserted in the architecture of the classifier, it reduces the power consumption. Pipelining concept is used in proposed architecture of the classifier and the simulation results are verified in Xilinx. 1.3  MOTIVATION The network traffic is doubling for each six to nine months. Also traditional algorithms are not supporting the increasing network traffic on core and edge devices. Large number of rulesets: Due to increased access of the network, the more services need to be implement in network device, so that more number of rules are needed. It creates the difficulty for classifying the packets. Flexibility: Traditional algorithms are particularly designed for IPV4, so that novel solutions are required to manage both IPV4 and IPV6 addresses. Scalability: As the network services are increasing, there is requirement to add or delete the rules. So that, good scalability is required for packet classification. 1.4  Organization of the thesis The thesis contains 6 chapters Chapter 1, it will covers the introduction of packet classification, problems involved in packet classification, objective to the packet classification and motivation for choosing the packet classification. Chapter 2, it will covers the basics of existing packet classification and also the basics of proposed packet classification. Chapter 3, it will covers the method used to do the packet classification, proposed architecture and also it tells how proposed architecture is better compared to previous algorithms. Chapter 4, it discusses the simulation the simulation results obtained for existing and proposed architecture of the classifier. Chapter 5, it covers the conclusion and future scope of the project. Chapter 6, It lists the reference papers used for literature review of the packet classification. Chapter 2 BASICS It covers the basics of packet classification. It also explains the structure of packet header, brief introduction to internet, the mode of information transmission through the internet, OSI layers, the type of matching, software and hardware implementation of packet classification , Clock gating and pipelining are also discussed. It also covers the review of different packet classification algorithms, by reading this the user can select the algorithm, which is best suit for his application. The internet is a global system. It is consists of inter connected computer networks, which uses the protocols(TCP/IP), to match several billion devices all over the world. It is also termed as networks of network. Access of internet is a process of connecting mobile devices, computers and computer terminals to the internet. Internet access will enables the users to access the internet services such as email and world wide web. Using various technologies, internet service providers will access the internet. A packet is a formatted unit of data, which is carried by the packet switched network. By formatting of the data, the bandwidth of communication medium can be increased. The structure of the packet contains the two varieties of data Control information User data 2.1  Control information This will provide the information, on where to send the data. Example, It provides the source and destination IP addresses, sequencing information and error codes. Fig 2.1 shows the structure of the packet Fig 2.1 structure of the packet 2.2  Payload The maximum size of the packet is 64 K bytes. The payload of the packet is variable. Example IPV4 typically adds the 20 bytes of payload to every packet. The packet is passed through the network using three devices such as hub, switch and router. 2.3  The modes of information transmission through the internet 2.3.1  Hub Hub is a central device, for which all other devices are connected. It is called the star system. It is very simple, when any device sends the data, it will send the data to all other devices and all other devices needs to decide whether the data is belonging to them, if it is not belonging to them, they will ignore it. It will present in physical layer. Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub. . Fig 2.3.1 shows the structure of the hub 2.3.2  Switch The switch is smarter compared to hub. First it creates the table, which records the IP/MAC addresses of the devices(PC’s) connected together. At the start, when any device sends the data, that time switch will not be knowing the destination IP addresses. So it will forwards the packets to all other devices, which are connected to it and it also records the IP address of the device. Next when packet belonging to those destination IP addresses comes, it will directly forward the packets to destination devices It is present in data link layer of OSI layer. Fig 2.3.2 shows the structure of the switch. 2.3.3  Router It is the smartest device compared to hub and switch. The router will record the address of all the devices which are connected to it. The router will read the information present in packet header and it will decide , where the packet needs to be sent and how to process the packet. It provides the security. While in hub, switch the destination IP address is known, hacker may hack the destination device, it will consider both destination and source IP address of the devices and it will decide whether the source device is hacker or not. If it is hacker, it will deny the packet. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. Fig 2.3.3 shows the structure of router. 2.4 OSI LAYERS It consist of seven layer Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer The Fig 2.4 for OSI model is shown below as Fig 2.4 OSI layers Application layer: This layer will provide the interface to application programmes. Presentation layer: In this layer , it converts the data from system specific format to the format which is suitable for application. It also provides encryption and compression. Session layer: Which facilitates the starting, managing and ending of connection between the two nodes. Ex: For a video session, it will synchronize the related stream of data such as audio and video. Transport layer: It will break the data into segments It will decide about how much information can be sent to email server and how much information can be received back. The responsibility of transport layer are: Reliability Flow control Fragmentation Network layer: Here the segments are broken into packets by adding the source and destination IP address to them. Next the packets are sent to data link layer. Here router is working in this layer. Data link layer: In this layer, the packets are broken into the frames, which are created for the specific network. The frames are assigned the address of two nodes, the data is moving in between. Physical layer: The frames given by the data link layer are converted into bits in physical medium. UDP: User datagram protocol It is light weight and connectionless. Advantages: The packet size is small. UDP header- 8 bytes TCP header- 20 bytes There is no requirement to create and maintain the connection. It has more control over the data Disadvantages: It does not provide error recovery. It does not compensate for lost data packets. Packets can arrive at out of order, so that data loses meaning. There is no control of congestion. Transmission control Protocol: It is reliable and connection based. Advantages: It delivers the acknowledgements. It provides retransmission. It provides in order delivery. It will delays the transmission when the network is busy. It provides error recovery. Disadvantages: It has bigger header. It doesn’t always get sent out quickly. It is the side effect of congestion. It has bigger overhead. UDP is message oriented It sends the data in distinct chunks. Ex: Email. For multimedia applications, UDP is used, because of these reasons as: It has less overhead. Data loss can be masked. UDP is used in small transmission. It is also used in bandwidth intensive applications, that tolerate packet loss. TCP is stream oriented It can be used in continuous flow of data. Ex: Phone conversation. For text communication, TCP is better. Ex: File transfers, Remote access. TCP is used when delivery acknowledgement are needed. In physical layer, information is transmitted in bit stream using hub. In data link layer information is transmitted in frames using switches. In network layer information is transmitted in packets using router. A router is a device that forwards the packet. A router is connected between two networks namely LAN’s or WAN’s. network processors are specialized CPU, which is optimized to support the implementation of network protocols at maximum speed. The function of network processor is to carry out the tasks such as packet separation, reassembly, encryption and classification. Packet classification is the process of categorizing the packets into flows in internet router. Packet will be classified in network layer. Packet has five fields as shown in fig Source IP address: It indicates the IP address of the sender . Destination IP address: It indicates the IP address of the destination. Source port: It indicates the port number of sender. Destination port: It indicates the port number of destination. Protocol: Which specifies the type of transport packet being carried. The incoming packet to router will matches the specific rule if the distinct field in the packet will match corresponding field in the rule. There are three matches Exact match: The values present in rule field header are same as the values present in packet header. Prefix match: The values of rule field header are prefix for header fields of the packet. Range match: The packet header field values must be lie in the range which is specified by the rule. 2.5  The types of packet classification algorithms Packet classification algorithm can be implemented in two major types Software based Hardware based 2.5.1  Software Implementation This can be used with general purpose processor and network processor. The software based algorithm can be divided into two types as Field dependent Algorithm Field independent Algorithm Field Independent Algorithm: For each field in the rule, these algorithms will build the index table separately. Ex: RFC Field dependent Algorithm: In these algorithm, the fields of the rule will be matched in dependent manner and there is no need to group the result in final stage. The memory requirement for these algorithms is less than field independent algorithms. Ex: Hypercut, Hicut 2.5.2  Hardware based implementation This is used with ASIC or with FPGA. This implementation is used with internet routers for the high speed that supports to handle the packet. The reasons to use software implementation Programmability: ASIC architectures has small Programming capacity, Because ASICs have special design. Special chips: To accelerate the packet processing speed, special chips called TCAMS are used. The proposed algorithm uses clock gating circuit to reduce power consumption and pipelining to increase the speed. 2.6  Clock gating Clock gating is a technique, which is used in synchronous circuits to minimize the power consumption. This technique is used to prune the clock, it disables the port of the circuitary, so that flip flops present in the circuitry will not switch the states. When switching is absent, the dynamic power consumption is reduced, but the leakage currents are present. Clock gating works by taking the enable signal of the circuitry, so that flip flops or devices present in latches will not switch the states, so that switching power reduces. So it is necessary to have enable conditions in order to get benefit from clock gating. The clock gating saves the power. Clock gating can be added in two ways: By writing the RTL code, the synthesis tool automatically translates the RTL code into clock gating logic. In order to gate the clock of specific modules or registers manually clock gating circuit can be inserted by instantiating library the specific ICG cells. Using automated the clock gating tools, clock gating is inserted in semi automatic fashion. These tools will insert ICG cells to RTL code or directly add the enable conditions to RTL code. 2.7  Pipelining It is group of data processing elements, which are connected in series, so that output of one element is the input to next element. We build a pipeline by dividing the complex operation into simple operation. Here instead of taking bulk thing and executing it, the bulk thing is break up into smaller pieces and process it one after another. For example Consider a calculation c= log(|a+b|), which consist of three operations, which are shown in fig 2.7. Fig 2.7 Pipelining example Add a and b to get a+b, it takes 40ns. Take the magnitude, we get as |a+b|, it takes 35 ns. Take the log we get as log(|a+b|), it takes 60ns. Consider a situation when we need to carry out for 100 such pairs. Without pipelining , it would take a total of 100*135= 13500ns. By realization, it is found that it is whole sequential process. Let the values evaluated to be a1 to a100 and we need to add values to be b1 to b100. In first evaluation, ( a1+b1)is calculated, In next evaluation, |a1+b1|,(a2+b2) is calculated, in third evaluation log|a1+b1|,|a2+b2|, ( a3+b3) is evaluated. After the first output data that is log|(a1+b1)|, the subsequent outputs are log|(a2+b2)|, log|(a3+ b3)| will now start arriving at a gap of 60ns . All the 100 inputs can be applied in 199*60=5940ns and the total time taken to evaluate 100 data will be 5940+180= 6120ns. This time is half compared without pipelining. This process of evaluation is called pipelinlng. 2.8 Literature review Algorithms are classified in 4 classes: Basic structures Geometry based Heuristics Hardware based 2.8.1  Basic structures a. Linear search: This algorithm[1], is very simple. It contains all the rules. Here each packet is matched opposite to all the rules until the corresponding fields of the packet should match to the rule. Although, it is simple, it is not widely used. Because, it takes the large time for matching with the rule. Consider N is the number of rules, â€Å"the worst case space and time complexity is O(N),where O is the order and N is the number of rules. Fig below shows the linear structure. Fig 2.8.1.a Linear search algorithm b. Hierarchial trie: It is an extension part of the binary trie. By using the individual bits of the search key, the branches of the trie can be traversed. In the d dimensional hierarchial trie[2], first bulid the one dimensional hierarchial trie which is called F1 trie. Foe each prefix P in the F1 trie, there is a recursively (d-1) dimensional hierarchial tries are present(Tp). For example, if the data structure is 2 dimensional the only one F1 trie is present. Hierarchial tries are also termed as multilevel tries or backtracking tries or tries of trie. Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society Womens Roles in Anime: The Reflection of Japanese Society What do the portrayals of women in Japanese animation reveal about the role of women in Japanese society today? The role of women in Japanese culture is an important topic amongst when discussing contemporary Japan. While it is important to consider traditional methods of analysis that come from statistics and surveys, you also need to look at how popular culture defines the modern Japanese woman. Japanese animation can provide a tool to analysis of the role of women in Japanese society. Through looking at women and they are portrayed in Japanese animation over the decade, we can begin to see the role of women in contemporary Japanese society. The purpose of this discussion is to determine a connection between Japanese animation (a form of popular culture) and the role of women (whether this role is shifting or remaining conservative) in contemporary Japanese society. In order to understand the link between Japanese animation and society, it is important to consider the meaning of these terms and how they relate to each other. Martinez defines popular culture as the culture of the masses; which does apply to the Japanese culture. Nevertheless, other opinions raise the point to how popular culture is a problematic term when translating it into the Japanese context. According to Hidetoshi Kato, a Japanese scholar, the term popular culture as taishu bunka; translates into mass culture. However, Martinezs definition is a middle of the road definition for the terms offered by Kato. In addition, Martinez defines the anthropology of popular culture as the study of the interaction between the apparently separate realms of the material and the symbolic. Other anthropologist such as Roger Buckley agrees with Martinez, stating that popular culture should tell us something about contemporary Japanese behavior. The images presented by Japanese animation including its related cousin, manga, or Japanese comics have helped shape the identity of modern Japanese women. Japanese animation, or anime, is useful when studying the role of women in society. Popular culture serves to reflect and instigate change in Japanese society, by observing the changes and themes in anime, these trends are identifiable. Popular culture also helps one to understand the dynamics of Japanese society and culture. While the behaviors identified are not Japanese, such as conformity, loyalty and deference8, there are certain subtle undertones that make themes and characters that make them Japanese. Lastly, Japanese animation industry caters for both sexes across a wide age group. This is important, because unlike the animation industry in the United States whereupon childrens programming is largely aimed at young boys. Japanese animation makes it possible to gain an insight into the role of women in society because both sexes views are represented. This provides a foundation for observing how the role of women in Japanese society can be studied through examining their role in Japanese animation. Japanese animation is interesting to study when observing the roles of gender because of the way it written for diverse tastes and it differs from Western animation. Anime has often been described as edgy, provocative, and documentary-like; these industry buzzwords describe anime as a different expression of animation, when it is not. In reality, the Japanese have embraced animation as an expression that goes beyond the standard set by Disney. Anime includes animation catered for all age groups. Anime content ranges from superb works to trashy soap operas or pornography; however, they play an important role in Japans popular culture by providing a legacy of past ideals. Respected writer Frederik Schodt has split the anime available into two distinct halves as defined by the gender, Boys comic [shonen] anime carefully balance suspense with humor, dramatic stories of sports, adventure, ghosts, science fiction, and school life. Girls comic anime [shojo] also strive for balance but are distinguished by their tales of idealized love. Given the range to choose from, it is important to analyze a number of sources to see how anime reflects the position of women in Japanese society, but to examine them with an open mind. Reaction to anime has been filled with distaste. Film critics have both embraced and criticized Japanese animation. Mamorum Oshiis theatrical adaption of Shirow Masamunes Ghost in the Shell, regarded as a movie that questions what it is that makes us human by many, has been lauded as a spectacular-looking Japanese animated film, but like so many of its kind, involves a confusing narrative and peculiar metaphysics that reduce interest16. To avoid generalizations it is important to look at works from a several genres to how anime portrays Japanese women in society. To observe the role of women as portrayed in anime with a female-specific target audience, Komodo no Omocha (1996) will be used to analyzed. To see how women are being represented in anime that is targeted at a male demographic, Dragon Ball Z (199?) will form the basis of analysis. Finally, a recent work from Japans most respected and successful animation studio today, Studio Ghibli, will be analyzed Mononoke Hime (1997). The importance of studying Studio Ghiblis work is to see how women are portrayed by an animation studio whose works reach a very wide audience, that typically cross the gender and age boundaries. While this analysis will not prove to be the final answer, it will prove an interesting investigation when considering what images of femininity have been projected onto Japanese society over the past decade. Kodomo no Omocha was a popular series that aired on Japanese television in the mid 1990 is, compared to many shojo anime, Kodomo no Omocha is radical, though it is by far not the only one. The story is a comedy fused with typical shojo elements love interests, and pretty artwork. The female lead is a young girl named Sana, who lives with her eccentric, but loving, mother and Rei, her personal manager. Unlike other female characters that will be analyzed, Sana is loud, outspoken and is not intimidated by anyone. She is works hard to do her best at her job (she is a famous star of a childrens TV program), friends and family. While she exhibits traditionally female qualities, she is not the stereotypical wholly subservient female character. Even though she is only a child, she stresses the importance of her job. Her mother is another strong female role within the anime. She is intelligent, in control and the men are more likely to be subservient to her than anything else is. Other fema les in the show lean towards conservative Japan, such as when Sanas female teacher cries and runs to another male teacher for assistance whenever the class acts up. The male characters are traditionally empowered, though like many a shojo anime, have soft sides to their personalities. The depiction of the two main female characters, Sana and her mother, offer an insight into the modern Japanese woman as having the capacity to be strong, yet gentle and compassionate. Dragon Ball Z offers an interesting insight into the portrayal of women in anime aimed at a male demographic. The reason this is an interesting series to look at is its popularity and the way it portrays gender roles. Women are portrayed in few roles in this anime. The female roles are dismally backwards. Dragon Ball Z has portrayed the role of women as subservient/secondary at their core. It has pointed out that fundamental beliefs about gender roles are difficult to change in any society, including Japans, The show is very male-centric, emphasizing strength, discipline and hard work as the key to being successful in the world. On the other hand, this is a martial arts anime, so this should not be a surprising aspect. One of the women who appear regularly is the protagonists female friend Bulma, an intelligent scientist. Bulma is a gifted inventor and often creates something that will aid her group of friends in whatever plight they are in. Bulma is portrayed as a confident, intelli gent woman who, while not of equal status, remains an important part of the team. However, when she is put in a position of danger, she falls into the damsel in distress stereotype all too common in male-orientated anime. She is rescued one way or another, but is often the least of the groups priorities she is often rescued as an after-thought, as opposed to being a genuine critical concern. This is a good example of what Eri Izawa determines as the Unequal Relationship genre, where women are second to men in a world dominated by patriarchy. Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata founded studio Ghibli in 1985. The importance with studying work by Studio Ghibli is because their productions (which are theatrical) have such widespread appeal in Japanese society. A large number of Japans populace sees the stories that are created here. The films cross the divides of age and gender. The movie that is I am looking at is Mononoke Hime. It grossed approximately US$150 million at the box office, beaten only by Titanic. In Mononoke Hime, the story centers on three principle characters San, the Wolf Princess, Lady Eboshi and prince Ashitaka, the pillar between which these two women are placed. One of interesting strengths of this film is the way in which the opposing characters, San and Lady Eboshi, are portrayed. Both are strong, powerful women, sure of themselves and their world. Lady Eboshi is a superlative example of the new woman of Japan. She is in charge of a profitable ironworks that employs people regarded as beneath society (prostitutes and lepers), leading by compassion, returning dignity and purpose to their lives. San is the other extreme; she lives in the forest of the Deer God, raised by the great wolf gods who dwell there. San is a strong female character who follows a more natural way of life; as opposed to the entrepreneurial mindset of Lady Eboshi, San is dedicated to preserving the forest and the creatures that dwell within. Miyazaki is portraying the capacity of women to be strong, competent and successful. San represents the capacity of women to be strong in the dwelling of the traditional while Lady Eboshi is an example of how women can be successful and entrepreneurial in the face of modernization. From three examples, it is easy to see these reflections on the role of women are present in contemporary Japanese society. Martinez admits that it is difficult to discover what the true role of Japanese women in Japanese society are in a perceived country where men are still dominant [and] Japanese women are held to be gentle, submissive and beautiful. Historically, Japanese womens suffrage was achieved in 1945 and it is noted that while Japanese women may be able to find jobs, it is far more difficult to find careers, even today. However, public opinion is changing. There is clear that the role of women in Japan is no longer the traditional housewife/mother. Surveys by the Prime Ministers Office in 1987 and 1995 show a shift in public opinion of women, while in 1987 over 50% of the men surveyed agreed with the traditional role of women in Japan, by 1995 the percentage had dropped to 33%. The state of Japanese animation over the past decade reveals a relative parallel between the co ntent of Japanese animation and these results. The role of women in anime such as Kodomo no Omocha gives girls a role model unlike the traditionally submissive, quiet woman in the face of Sanas eccentric, enthusiastic nature that is rewarded by success. Studio Ghiblis films have portrayed women as equal, confident and able to take charge in their lives. Anime aimed at boys retain the portrayal of women as bystanders, whether it be the token damsel in distress or cheerleader. However, that is changing; Japanese animation aimed at the boys has begun to portray women beyond this traditional stereotype. Several productions such as Ranma 1/2 and Love Hina offered a cast of characters that serve to put women on equal ground as men in some cases, though there is still the re-enforcement of traditional gender roles. Japanese animation is an established form of pop culture. It is consumed by both sexes and across all age groups, and offers a series of representations of women. While it has become apparent through observing trends in Japanese animation and contemporary Japanese society is an apparent shift, however, it is important to identify that the traditional role of women will probably always manifest itself in pop culture. This is because the traditional role of women is an option, just as choosing a career or being entrepreneurial are choices. What is encouraging to see is that those choices are being represented, either directly or indirectly, in anime. It speaks well for the future of Japanese society as alternative roles of women are being portrayed for both sexes in the culture of the masses. Reference: Martinez, D.P. (1998). The Worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries [UK, Cambridge UP, p. 3]. Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Some Thoughts on Japanese popular culture. Richard Gid Powers Hidetoshi, K. (1989). Handbook of Japanese popular culture. Greenwood Press. Buckley, R. (1990). Japan today. Cambridge: UP. Schodt, F.L. (1983). Manga! manga! the world of japanese comics. USA: Kodansha. Izawa, E. (2001). Japanese manga and animation: gender relations in manga and anime. Retrieved from http://www.uncc.edu/~medmoto/3209/anime/gender.html (abridged) Robertson, J. (1998). Takarazuka: sexual politics and popular culture in modern japan. University of California. Dimensions of Japanese society: gender, margins and mainstream. Great Britain: Macmillan Press Ltd.

The role of accounting information on business strategy formulation

The role of accounting information on business strategy formulation Abstract Although strategy development in large corporations has been well documented, the process of strategy deployment in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has not been extensively investigated by academic researchers. This study tries to provide new empirical evidence and the practical realities on the nature and practice of strategic planning in Greek companies. Its primary target is to examine the formulation of strategic planning in Greek SMEs and also the role of accounting information on the business strategy of SMEs in Greece. The results of the research indicate a positive relationship between strategic planning implementation and accounting information received by accountants and used by SMEs and no relationship with other sources of advice such as government agencies or bank advisors. The importance that is given to sales, costs and profits signifies a business planning rather than a strategic planning orientation of Greek SMEs Keywords: strategic planning, strategic activities, external advisors, accounting information Introduction Academic literature in strategic management of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has been very limited. Although the nature of strategic planning processes has been shown to have an important effect on the performance of firms [1], the field of strategic planning in SMEs is still in the early stages of its development. Its adolescence, relative to other more established areas of business and management theory, is evidenced by inconsistent and conflicting viewpoints [2] and only a few researchers have addressed the strategy-making processes of SMEs [3]. Limited research can also be observed on the usage of information from SMEs when strategically planning. Drury and Tayles [4] suggested that there is a need for more research that explores in much greater depth how managers use financial and non financial information. Recent research has shown that most SMEs are unable to utilize accounting and financial information. Owner-managers of SMEs may be expected to be fully aware of the product/service markets that their business are based in, but they may not be trained or proficient in accounting or financial management [5].The aim of this study is to add to the developing literature on strategic planning implementation in SMEs in Greece. Specifically the objectives of the study are to explore the extent of strategic planning of SMEs, to investigate the activities that owner/managers plan in advance and to identify internal and external advisors that help SMEs to strategically plan. Strategic Management and Strategic Planning Strategy is a term that is widely used by senior and middle managers. But the term seems to have multiple of meanings. There is no commonly accepted and universal meaning of strategy [6]. Due to this fact the definition of strategy has been the subject of extensive research since the 1960s. It has been described as the process of determining the long-term goals and objectives of an organization, by adopting a specific course of action and by allocating sufficient resources [7]. This traditional and rational definition was later challenged by Mintzberg contention that strategy was more a pattern of action resulting from intended or unintended strategies. Mintzberg claimed that strategy could be something more than an explicit plan of action. His five strategy dimensions that he recognized were: strategy as plan, strategy as pattern,strategy as ploy, strategy as perspective and strategy as position. These have been the basis for opening up the definition of strategy to a wider context of use [8]. Strategic planning concentrates on the setting of long-term organizational objectives, and the implementation of plans designed to achieve them. A suitable definition of strategic planning can be the devising and formulation of organizational level plans which set the broad and flexible objectives, strategies and policies of a business, driving the organization towards its vision of the future [2]. Porter [9] noted that further work was needed to enable business to understand strategic planning by arguing that while there has been considerable progress in developing frameworks that explain differing competitive success, at any given point in time, our understanding of the dynamic process by which firms perceive and ultimately attain superior market positions is far less developed. The SMEs literature Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial part for the economic growth of a country. SMEs contribute to outputs and employment and also affect the competitive ability of the large organizations [10]. SMEs can influence the competitiveness of large organizations by providing high quality inputs [11]. The importance of small and medium size businesses for future economic development has been reflected in a number of policy papers which have focused attention on the role of entrepreneurship, owner-managers and the small firm sector [12]. 3.1 The SMEs sector in Greece The contribution of the SMEs in the development, the employment and social coherence in Greece is substantial. In Greece, enterprises that have fewer than 50 employees form about 99.5 per cent of the total number of enterprises and employ the 74 per cent of the work force of the private sector. It should also be noted that Greek SMEs provide 70% of the new employment, reinforce the regional development and financial balance of the regions and make part of a cohesive financial and social link in Greek society. The role of SMEs in the national economy and employment is vital, since the main business model in Greece is and it will remain the micro enterprise which employs less than 10 persons. According to the criteria set by the European Commission, Greece has more than 733.000 qualified SMEs, from which more than half, 394.000 or the 53.7 per cent does not employ any salaried workers and they employ 11 people on average. [13] 3.2 Strategy in SMEs Academic research has been conducted on several broad fronts in order to define strategy in SMEs, from planning processes, to the individual personality of the owner-manager and the growth of a wide range of available advisory services providing information on strategic choice. Perry et al [14] argued that strategy should be examined in the everyday operating environment of the small firm. The formulation of strategy in SMEs has been the theme of many academic researchers. Some studies [15] examined the link between planning and performance in SMEs, while others [16] explored the difficulty of defining planning and strategic planning, and its dimensions, such as planning formality and performance in the small firm context. The definition of strategy in SMEs is often perceived as person centred rather than process driven. The performance of small firms is linked with the leadership style of the owner. Nahavandi and Malekzedah [17] in 1993 argued that the style and personality of the manager is central to the strategy definition process. Noble [18] after a series of exploratory interviews with the managing directors of SMEs, suggests that strategic deployment often fails as a result of SMEs inability to forecast and overcome implementation barriers. ORegan and Ghobadian [3] indicated a number of general barriers relating to the constraint of strategic planning implementation such as communication was inadequate, implementation took longer than expected, a shortfall in employee skills, objectives of strategy were not clearly understood by the staff, ineffective co-ordination of implementation, crises distracted attention from implementation, unexpected external problems arose and external factors impacted on implementation. Research Design This research applies the quantitative method to examine the implementation of strategic planning in SMEs in Greece. The central aim of the research is to provide empirical evidence on how SMEs use strategic planning and what kind of advice they use to aid them. Data were gathered by means of a survey questionnaire, all questions used a five-point Likert type scale; with a response of 1 indicating that an item received not agree and 5 indicating an item received agree. The sample consists of small and medium enterprises that are located in the Greek capital Athens and belong to the service and manufacturing sector. Questionnaires were distributed to a whole sample of 546 owner managers of small and medium sized enterprises. A postal questionnaire was used instead of sending e-mails, in order and to protect the participants anonymity and because some owner-managers were not familiar with the use of e-mails. From a total of 546 questionnaires mailed, 178 were returned, representing a 32 per cent response rate. Out of these 19 were found to have missing data and were deemed void. Therefore, data was collected from a total of 159 sets, representing a satisfactory response rate of approximately 29 per cent. The questionnaire consisted of 4 sections, covering the following aspects: Strategic planning implementation in SMEs Strategic planning activities Advisors that affect strategic planning Accounting information used for strategic planning Prior to distributing the questionnaire to the sample, a pilot study was conducted to discover any errors, ambiguities, inadequate answers, or highlight any confusing questions. Enterprises that participated in the pilot study were excluded from the main study. Research Questions of the study Question 1: Is there a significant relationship between Strategic Planning Implementation and the Total Strategic Planning Activities? Question 2: Is there a significant relationship between Strategic Planning Implementation and the use of internal advisors? Question 3: Is there a significant relationship between Strategic Planning Implementation and the use of external advisors? Question 4: Is there a significant relationship between Strategic Planning Implementation and the use of accounting information? Findings and Discussion The findings of the present research are contradictory in certain respects. Despite a sizeable majority of respondents indicating that their companies undertake strategic planning, there is limited evidence of practical strategic planning in the sense of setting long-term business objectives. Research by Stonehouse and Pemberton [2] that was conducted for British SMEs had the similar results. In their research the 92 per cent of the companies indicated that they undertake strategic planning, either highly structured or of a general nature. They have found that most of these organizations were concentrated on short-term sales, cost and profit targets rather than longer-term goals. 6.1 Strategic planning implementation and strategic planning activities Question 1 examined the relationship between strategic planning implementation and strategic planning activities In order to answer the above question relating with the strategic planning implementation and the strategic planning objectives, correlation tests and T-tests were employed. First the researchers with the use of factor analysis divided the strategic planning activities (objectives) into three categories. In the first category were sales, costs, profits, production/service procedure and customer service. In the second category were staff training, staff appraisal, staff recruitment and advertising and in the third category were the market share, the expansion of the size of the enterprise and the mission of the company. With the use of Pearsons and Spearmans correlation it was found that strong relationship between strategic planning implementation and strategic activities exists only for sale targets, cost targets, profit targets, production outcome targets and for the improvement of quality service. Greek owner managers of SMEs in their great majority when strategically planning, neglect activities such as staff appraisal, training and recruitment, advertising, mission fulfillment and market share targets. The above results are in line with the findings reported by Stonehouse and Pemberton [2]. They found that contradictions between strategic planning implementation and strategic planning activities could be explained in terms of a difference in perception between managers and academics on the nature of strategic planning. Furthermore, most Greek companies refer to strategic planning, but in practice they are more concerned with short-term objectives and what would be regarded by academic researchers as business planning. 6.2 Strategic planning and internal advice and assistance Question 2 examined the relationship between strategic planning implementation and human resources capital and internal advisors employed for strategic planning in Greek SMEs. Pearson Correlation and Spearman Correlation tests were used in order the research question to be answered. The study on Greek SMEs has not found a significant relationship between strategic planning and human resources capital employed. Most owner managers surveyed did not share the belief that the personnel have the skills or the experience to assist in the deployment of strategic plans. This result can be confirmed by the findings of research question 1, that owner managers do not have long-term plans for their staff recruitment, training and appraisal The above results are in contradiction with a research on Spanish SMEs by Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin [19] who revealed that owner managers focus their attention on human resources as a key element that allows them to achieve a sustainable advantage. They noted that the competitiveness of SMEs is based on internal elements supported by resources such as personnel and their skills. But other studies had similar results with what was found about the Greek SMEs. ORegan and Ghobadian [3] identified a number of general barriers relating to the constraint of strategic planning implementation. Their pilot study confirmed eight main barriers with the shortfall in employee skills being one of them. The research by Hall and Young [20] on 182 failed small enterprises indicated that the most important cause for the failure of these companies were shortages in working capital (51.4 per cent). 6.3 The necessity of external advice Question 3 examines the relationship between strategic planning implementation and the use of external advice by the owner managers. Pearson Correlation and Spearman Correlation tests were used for the analysis of this question. The results of this research suggest that SMEs in Greece receive valuable external advise in order to plan strategically mainly from accountants. Government agencies and bank advisors are not contributing as beneficial advisors for the owner managers and only a minority of the respondents state that they receive useful advices for strategic planning. Pearsons correlation test has shown that there is a significant relationship between strategic planning implementation and the use of accountants, while there is not a significant relationship between other external advisors (government agencies and bank advisors) and strategic planning implementation. These results are in line with previous studies which have investigated the association of strategy formulation and external advice. Berry, Sweeting and Goto [21] conducted a research on SMEs located in Manchester and found that most of the business advisers had limited use by the owner managers. Only accountants had a key role in the processes of the SMEs but mostly on statutory work. They have also identified that accountants made a significant effort to shift into the value-adding areas of the SMEs; at it was perceived by the owner managers in the sample. Alattar [22] found that the use of an accountant to be responsible for the accounting function in the enterprise resulted in a provision of more information which was useful for maintaining better planning and control. Deakins et al [12] study indicates that an important task for accountants is to act as a consultant to the owner managers and that this involves supplying advice on internal planning, decision-making and control. Gooderham et al [23] stated that in many countries, smaller business accountants play an important role as business advisers in addition to providing accounting services. 6.4 Accounting Information used as tools for strategic planning implementation Question 4 examined the relationship between strategic planning implementation and accounting information used as a tool by owner managers for strategic planning in SMEs using Pearson Correlation and Spearman Correlation. This research has shown that owner managers of Greek SMEs take under serious consideration the accounting information they receive from external advice and they apply them as tools when they implement their strategic plans. This finding was consistent with what should have been expected as accounting information have been identified as crucial elements of strategic planning Stonehouse and Pemberton [2] noted that there is little evidence of usage of the tools of strategic analysis with the most common tool relating to internal financial analysis. Collis and Jarvis [5] identified the three main resources of information used in the management of small companies; management accounts; cash flow information and bank statements. They have found that most SMEs use accounting information such as profit and loss account, balance sheet, cash flow statement and forecast and ratio analysis in order to monitor the profitability and for planning and controlling. Hall and Youngs research [20] showed that poor use of accounting information was one of the main reasons that led into failure the 38 per cent of the 21 small enterprises surveyed. Randal and Horsman [24] found that the lack and misuse of accounting information contributed to small enterprise failure. Holmes and Nicholls [25] suggested that the quality of accounting information utilised within small enterpris es had a positive relationship with their performance. Conclusion This study has tried to examine from the respondents perspective the extent to which Greek SMEs use strategic planning and the influence of accounting information in the design and deployment of these plans. This paper has tried to identify relationships and differences, among the SMEs surveyed, between strategic planning implementation and (1) strategic planning activities of the firm; (2) the human resource capital; (3) external advice from, government agencies, banks and accountants; (4) accounting information such as profit and loss accounts, cost accounts, sales accounts, accounting ratios from the balance sheet and sales forecasts. The results of the analysis have shown that owner managers when strategically plan emphasise on activities such as profits, sales, costs, production outcomes and costumer service. The importance that is given to short-term financial objectives (sales, costs, profits) confirms a predisposition towards business planning rather than strategic planning. Other business objectives, that are closer related to strategic planning such as the companys mission, human resource training, market share targets and enterprise size targets are completely left out from strategic planning by the majority of the owner managers. The use of accounting information and advice received from accountants were, according to the owner managers, the most significant factors that facilitated them during the design and implementation of their strategic plans. In the contrary, it was found that the human resources of the SMEs and external advice from government agencies and banks did not have an important role in strategic planning implementation.